Chemistry Notes

11 chapters · 133 sections · 943 cards

Chemistry Notes & Flashcards for BPSC & UPPCS Prelims: 11 chapters · 133 sections · 943 cards. These notes and flashcards need JavaScript; please enable it to read them.

Basic Concepts, Matter & Measurement
- What Chemistry Studies & Its History
- Scientists – Do Not Confuse
- States of Matter
- Properties of Matter Particles
- Changes of State & Special Points
- Evaporation & Sublimation
- Exothermic & Endothermic Processes
- The Atom & Subatomic Particles
- Atomic Number, Mass Number & Isotopes
- Classification of Matter
- Solutions, Solute & Solvent
- Concentration of a Solution
- Measurement & SI Units
Structure of Atom
- What is an Atom?
- History of the Atom Concept
- Dalton's Atomic Theory & Laws
- Discovery of Sub-atomic Particles
- Thomson's Plum-Pudding Model
- Rutherford's Nuclear Model
- Bohr's Model of the Atom
- The Nucleus and Nucleons
- Atomic Number and Mass Number
- Isotopes, Isobars and Isotones
- Electronic Configuration (Bohr-Bury Rules)
- Valence Electrons, Valency and Ions
Periodic Table & Periodicity
- What the Periodic Table Is
- History – Scientists Who Built the Table
- Modern Periodic Law
- Inside the Atom
- Structure – Periods and Groups
- The Four Blocks (s, p, d, f)
- Important Groups (Families)
- Metals, Non-metals and Metalloids
- Periodic Trends – Atomic Size
- Periodic Trends – Energy and Reactivity
- Exam Facts and Exceptions
Chemical Bonding & Molecular Structure
- What Is a Chemical Bond?
- Kössel–Lewis Approach & the Octet Rule
- The Three Main Types of Bond
- Covalent Bonds: Single, Double, Triple
- Formal Charge & Limitations of the Octet Rule
- Bond Parameters (Key Values)
- Resonance & Bond Polarity
- VSEPR Theory & Molecular Shapes
- Valence Bond Theory & Sigma/Pi Bonds
- Hybridisation
- Molecular Orbital Theory (MOT)
- Hydrogen Bonding
States of Matter & Gas Laws
- Matter and Its Three States
- Comparing Solids, Liquids and Gases
- Changes of State
- Latent Heat (Hidden Heat)
- Evaporation and Cooling
- Vapour Pressure and Boiling
- Boiling Point and Pressure
- Temperature and the Kelvin Scale
- The Gas Laws
- Ideal Gas Equation and STP
- Real Gases and Liquefaction
- Solutions, Mixtures and Lighter Gases
Chemical Reactions, Equilibrium & Catalysis
- What Is a Chemical Reaction?
- Exothermic vs Endothermic Reactions
- Types of Chemical Reactions
- Oxidation, Reduction & Redox
- Corrosion & Rusting
- Reactivity (Activity) Series of Metals
- Chemical Equilibrium
- Le Chatelier's Principle
- Rate of Reaction
- Catalysis
- Electrolytes & Conductivity
- Electrochemistry: Cells & Electrode Potential
- Some Important Reactions to Know
Acids, Bases & Salts
- The Big Idea: Three Families
- How Acids and Bases Were Defined
- Properties of Acids and Bases
- Strong vs Weak (NOT the same as Concentration)
- Common Acids and Where They Are Found
- Common Bases (Alkalis)
- Indicators: Detecting Acids and Bases
- The pH Scale
- Chemical Reactions of Acids
- Neutralisation and Amphoteric Oxides
- Salts: Types and Important Examples
- Important Salts in Daily Life
- pH in Everyday Life
Organic Chemistry & Hydrocarbons
- What is Organic Chemistry
- Carbon – The Backbone Element
- Catenation, Isotopes and Allotropes
- Oxides of Carbon – CO and CO₂
- Hydrocarbons and Their Types
- The C=C Double Bond in Alkenes
- Electrophiles and Nucleophiles
- Benzene – A Special Ring Hydrocarbon
- Homologous Series
- Common Functional Groups and Acids
- Fuel Gases – LPG, CNG, Natural Gas, Biogas
- Polymers – Natural and Synthetic
Chemistry in Everyday Life & Important Compounds
- Solutions, Concentration & pH
- Colligative Properties
- Soaps & Detergents
- Polymers, Plastics & Rubber
- Fibres (Natural & Synthetic)
- Allotropes of Carbon
- Metals, Alloys & Ores
- Important Compounds & Their Uses
- Medicines & Drugs
- Gases in Daily Life & Industry
- Environmental & Air Pollution Chemistry
Biomolecules (Chemistry)
- What Are Biomolecules?
- Elements in Each Biomolecule
- Carbohydrates (Sugars and Starches)
- Types of Carbohydrate
- Disaccharides and Sweetness
- Fermentation and Key Enzymes
- Proteins (The Body's Builders)
- Functions and Special Proteins
- Four Levels of Protein Structure
- Lipids (Fats and Oils)
- Nucleic Acids (DNA and RNA)
- Enzymes (Biological Catalysts)
- Vitamins and Minerals
Radioactivity & Nuclear Chemistry
- What Is Radioactivity?
- History & Discovery
- The Three Rays – Alpha, Beta, Gamma
- Properties of the Three Rays (Compare)
- Atomic Number & Mass Number
- Isotopes vs Isobars
- Half-Life & Rate of Decay
- Mass-Energy & Nuclear Fission
- Nuclear Fusion
- Atomic Bombs of 1945
- Uses & Hazards of Radioactivity