Who among the following opposed the power of the Khalifa?

Correct answer: (e) None of the above/More than one of the above

Explanation

None of the sultans given in the options opposed the power of the Khalifa. Iltutmish obtained recognition from the Khalifa; however, the Sultan of Bengal, Ghiyasuddin, had also obtained recognition from the Khalifa. By attacking him, Iltutmish, in a way, also challenged the authority of the Khalifa. Alauddin Khilji, Balban, and Muhammad bin Tughlaq were all practically independent rulers, but none of them opposed the power or authority of the Khalifa. Only Mubarak Khilji declared himself the Khalifa and assumed the title Khalifatullah. In this way, he opposed the authority of the Khalifa.