The process of a split in the Congress in the early years of the twentieth century began over –

Correct answer: (d) All of the above

Explanation

One major reason for the Congress split in the early years of the twentieth century was that the Moderates failed in their strategies and objectives, and they could not keep the common people with them. The Moderates did not work among the masses. They could not adjust their strategy according to political developments. They could not realise that their very achievements had made their politics impractical. The outlook and assessment of both the Moderates and the Extremists were also wrong—both in terms of their mutual differences and from a nationalist perspective. The Moderates could not understand that the government was negotiating with them mainly due to fear of the Extremists, and the Extremists could not understand that the Moderates could act as a protective shield in their struggle. As a result, the Congress split at the Surat session in 1907.