Water and ammonia molecules:

Correct answer: (c) Both have sp³ hybridisation, and their bond angles are 104.5° and 107° respectively

Explanation

In both molecules, the central atom has four electron pairs, so both are sp³ hybridised:

• water (H₂O): two bonds and two lone pairs; the lone pairs push the bonds closer, giving a bond angle of about 104.5° (a bent shape);
• ammonia (NH₃): three bonds and one lone pair; the bond angle is about 107° (a pyramidal shape).

Without lone pairs, as in methane, the angle is 109.5°. Lone pairs repel more than bonding pairs, and two lone pairs squeeze the angle more than one.